I
111th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 1020
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
February 12, 2009
Mr. Johnson of Georgia (for himself, Mr. Miller of North Carolina, Ms. Schakowsky, Mr. Bishop of Georgia, Ms. Lee of California, Mr. Loebsack, Mr. Nadler of New York, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Patrick J. Murphy of Pennsylvania, Mr. Scott of Virginia, Mr. Pastor of Arizona, Mr. LaTourette, Mr. Doggett, Mr. Conyers, Mr. Delahunt, Mr. Stupak, Ms. Wasserman Schultz, Ms. McCollum, Mr. Courtney, Ms. Baldwin, Mr. DeFazio, Mrs. Lowey, Mr. Higgins, Ms. Eddie Bernice Johnson of Texas, Mr. Gutierrez, Mr. Braley of Iowa, Mr. Markey of Massachusetts, Mrs. Maloney, Mr. Watt, Mr. Carson of Indiana, Mr. George Miller of California, Ms. Jackson-Lee of Texas, Mr. Boswell, Mr. Skelton, Mr. Barrow, Mr. Stark, and Ms. Linda T. Sánchez of California) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary
A BILL
To amend chapter 1 of title 9 of United States Code with respect to arbitration.
Short title
This Act may be cited as the
Arbitration Fairness Act of
2009
.
Findings
The Congress finds the following:
The Federal Arbitration Act (now enacted as chapter 1 of title 9 of the United States Code) was intended to apply to disputes between commercial entities of generally similar sophistication and bargaining power.
A series of United States Supreme Court decisions have changed the meaning of the Act so that it now extends to disputes between parties of greatly disparate economic power, such as consumer disputes and employment disputes. As a result, a large and rapidly growing number of corporations are requiring millions of consumers and employees to give up their right to have disputes resolved by a judge or jury, and instead submit their claims to binding arbitration.
Most consumers and employees have little or no meaningful option whether to submit their claims to arbitration. Few people realize, or understand the importance of the deliberately fine print that strips them of rights; and because entire industries are adopting these clauses, people increasingly have no choice but to accept them. They must often give up their rights as a condition of having a job, getting necessary medical care, buying a car, opening a bank account, getting a credit card, and the like. Often times, they are not even aware that they have given up their rights.
Private arbitration companies are sometimes under great pressure to devise systems that favor the corporate repeat players who decide whether those companies will receive their lucrative business.
Mandatory arbitration undermines the development of public law for civil rights and consumer rights, because there is no meaningful judicial review of arbitrators’ decisions. With the knowledge that their rulings will not be seriously examined by a court applying current law, arbitrators enjoy near complete freedom to ignore the law and even their own rules.
Mandatory arbitration is a poor system for protecting civil rights and consumer rights because it is not transparent. While the American civil justice system features publicly accountable decision makers who generally issue written decisions that are widely available to the public, arbitration offers none of these features.
Many corporations add to their arbitration clauses unfair provisions that deliberately tilt the systems against individuals, including provisions that strip individuals of substantive statutory rights, ban class actions, and force people to arbitrate their claims hundreds of miles from their homes. While some courts have been protective of individuals, too many courts have upheld even egregiously unfair mandatory arbitration clauses in deference to a supposed Federal policy favoring arbitration over the constitutional rights of individuals.
Definitions
Section 1 of title 9, United States Code, is amended—
by amending the heading to read as follows:
Definitions
;
by inserting
before
the following:Maritime
As used in this chapter—
;
by striking
and inserting the following:Maritime
transactions
maritime
transactions
;
;
by striking
commerce
and inserting the following:
commerce
;
by striking
, but nothing
and all that follows through the period at the
end, and inserting a semicolon; and
by adding at the end the following:
employment dispute
, as
herein defined, means a dispute between an employer and employee arising out of
the relationship of employer and employee as defined by the Fair Labor
Standards Act;
consumer dispute
, as herein
defined, means a dispute between a person other than an organization who seeks
or acquires real or personal property, services, money, or credit for personal,
family, or household purposes and the seller or provider of such property,
services, money, or credit;
franchise dispute
, as herein
defined, means a dispute between a franchisor and franchisee arising out of or
relating to contract or agreement by which—
a franchisee is granted the right to engage in the business of offering, selling, or distributing goods or services under a marketing plan or system prescribed in substantial part by a franchisor;
the operation of the franchisee’s business pursuant to such plan or system is substantially associated with the franchisor's trademark, service mark, trade name, logotype, advertising, or other commercial symbol designating the franchisor or its affiliate; and
the franchisee is required to pay, directly or indirectly, a franchise fee; and
pre-dispute arbitration
agreement
, as herein defined, means any agreement to arbitrate disputes
that had not yet arisen at the time of the making of the
agreement.
.
Validity and enforceability
Section 2 of title 9, United States Code, is amended—
by amending the heading to read as follows:
Validity and enforceability
,
by
inserting (a)
before A written
;
by striking
, save
and all that follows through contract
, and
inserting to the same extent as contracts generally, except as otherwise
provided in the title
; and
by adding at the end the following:
No predispute arbitration agreement shall be valid or enforceable if it requires arbitration of—
an employment, consumer, or franchise dispute; or
a dispute arising under any statute intended to protect civil rights.
An issue as to whether this chapter applies to an arbitration agreement shall be determined by Federal law. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the validity or enforceability of an agreement to arbitrate shall be determined by the court, rather than the arbitrator, irrespective of whether the party resisting arbitration challenges the arbitration agreement specifically or in conjunction with other terms of the contract containing such agreement.
Nothing in this chapter shall apply to any arbitration provision in a collective bargaining agreement.
.
Effective date
This Act, and the amendments made by this Act, shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply with respect to any dispute or claim that arises on or after such date.
