II
116th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1883
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
June 18, 2019
Mr. Grassley (for himself, Mrs. Feinstein, Mr. Cornyn, Mr. Whitehouse, and Ms. Klobuchar) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary
A BILL
To improve the prohibitions on money laundering, and for other purposes.
Short title; table of contents
Short title
This Act may be cited as the Combating Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Counterfeiting Act of 2019
.
Table of contents
The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Transportation or transhipment of blank checks in bearer form.
Sec. 3. Bulk cash smuggling.
Sec. 4. Section 1957 violations involving commingled funds and aggregated transactions.
Sec. 5. Charging money laundering as a course of conduct.
Sec. 6. Illegal money services businesses.
Sec. 7. Concealment money laundering.
Sec. 8. Freezing bank accounts of persons arrested for offenses involving the movement of money across international borders.
Sec. 9. Prohibiting money laundering through hawalas, other informal value transfer systems, and closely related transactions.
Sec. 10. Technical amendment to restore wiretap authority for certain money laundering and counterfeiting offenses.
Sec. 11. Making the international money laundering statute apply to tax evasion.
Sec. 12. Conduct in aid of counterfeiting.
Sec. 13. Administrative subpoenas for money laundering cases.
Sec. 14. Obtaining foreign bank records from banks with United States correspondent accounts.
Sec. 15. Danger pay allowance.
Sec. 16. Clarification of Secret Service authority to investigate money laundering.
Sec. 17. Prohibition on concealment of ownership of account.
Sec. 18. Prohibition on concealment of the source of assets in monetary transactions.
Sec. 19. Rule of construction.
Transportation or transhipment of blank checks in bearer form
Section 5316 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Monetary instruments with amount left blank
For purposes of this section, a monetary instrument in bearer form that has the amount left blank, such that the amount could be filled in by the bearer, shall be considered to have a value of more than $10,000 if the instrument was drawn on an account that contained, or was intended to contain more than $10,000 at the time—
the instrument was transported; or
the instrument was negotiated or was intended to be negotiated.
.
Bulk cash smuggling
Section 5332(b) of title 31, United States Code, is amended—
in paragraph (1), by striking 5 years
and inserting 10 years
;
by redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), and (4), as paragraphs (3), (4), and (5), respectively;
by inserting after paragraph (1) the following:
Fine
In general
Whoever violates this section shall be fined under title 18.
Enhanced fine for aggravated cases
Whoever violates this section while violating another law of the United States, other than section 5316 or 5324(c) of this title, or as a part of a pattern of any unlawful activity, including a violation of section 5316 or 5324(c) of this title, shall be fined double the amount provided in subsection (b)(3) or (c)(3) of section 3571 of title 18.
; and
in paragraph (5), as redesignated, by striking paragraph (2)
and inserting paragraph (3)
.
Section 1957 violations involving commingled funds and aggregated transactions
Section 1957 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
In a prosecution for an offense under this section, the Government may satisfy the $10,000 monetary transaction value requirement under subsection (a) by showing that—
the monetary transaction involved the transfer, withdrawal, encumbrance, or other disposition of more than $10,000 from an account in which more than $10,000 in proceeds of specified unlawful activity was commingled with other funds; or
the defendant conducted a series of monetary transactions in amounts of not more than $10,000 that—
exceeded $10,000 in the aggregate; and
were closely related to each other as demonstrated by factors such as—
the time period between the transactions;
the identity of the parties involved;
the nature or purpose of the transactions; and
the manner in which the transactions were conducted.
.
Charging money laundering as a course of conduct
Section 1956 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in subsection (h), by striking or section 1957
and inserting , section 1957, or section 1960
; and
by adding at the end the following:
Multiple violations
Multiple violations of this section that are part of the same scheme or continuing course of conduct may be charged, at the election of the Government, in a single count in an indictment or information.
.
Illegal money services businesses
In general
Section 1960 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking subsections (a) and (b) and inserting the following:
Offense
Whoever knowingly conducts, controls, manages, supervises, directs, or owns all or part of a covered money services business that—
is operated without an appropriate license in a State where such operation is punishable as a misdemeanor or a felony under State law, whether or not the person knows that the operation is required to be licensed or that the operation is so punishable;
fails to comply with the money services business registration requirements under section 5330 of title 31, or regulations prescribed under that section, whether or not the person knows that the operation is required to comply with those registration requirements; or
otherwise engages in a transaction involving funds that the person knows have been derived from a criminal offense or are intended to be used to promote or support unlawful activity,
Criminal penalty
Any person who violates—
subsection (a) shall be fined in accordance with this title, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both; and
subsection (a) by conducting, controlling, managing, supervising, directing, or owning all or part of a covered money services business that engaged in activity as a covered money services business involving more than $1,000,000 during a 12-month period, or by engaging in a transaction or transactions involving more than $1,000,000 during a 12-month period, shall be fined double the amount provided in subsection (b)(3) or (c)(3) (as applicable) of section 3571, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.
Definitions
In this section—
the term covered money services business means a money services business that—
operates on behalf of the public; and
affects interstate or foreign commerce in any manner or degree;
the term money services business—
has the meaning given the term in section 5330 of title 31 and any regulations prescribed under that section; and
includes a person that engages in the transfer, transportation, or exchange of currency, funds, or value that substitutes for currency by any and all means, even when not performed for profit; and
the term State means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
.
Technical and conforming amendments
Section 1960 of title 18, United States Code
Section heading
Section 1960 of title 18, United States Code, is amended in the section heading—
by striking unlicensed
and inserting illegal
; and
by striking transmitting
and inserting services
.
Table of sections
The table of sections for chapter 95 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section 1960 and inserting the following:
1960. Prohibition of illegal money services businesses.
.
Section 5330 of title 31, United States Code
Headings
Section 5330 of title 31, United States Code, is amended—
in the section heading, by striking transmitting
and inserting services
;
in subsection (c)—
in the subsection heading, by striking transmitting
and inserting services
;
in paragraph (1), in the paragraph heading, by striking transmitting
and inserting services
; and
in paragraph (2), in the paragraph heading, by striking transmitting
and inserting services
; and
in subsection (d)(1), in the paragraph heading, by striking transmitting
and inserting services
.
Text
Section 5330 of title 31, United States Code, is amended—
by striking money transmitting business
each place that term appears and inserting money services business
; and
in subsection (a)(3), by striking money transmitting businesses
and inserting a money services business
.
Table of sections
The table of sections for subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section 5330 and inserting the following:
5330. Registration of money services businesses.
.
Concealment money laundering
Section 1956(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in paragraph (1)(B), by striking knowing that
and all that follows through Federal law,
and inserting the following:
knowing that the transaction—
conceals or disguises, or is intended to conceal or disguise, the nature, source, location, ownership, or control of the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity; or
avoids, or is intended to avoid, a transaction reporting requirement under State or Federal law,
; and
in paragraph (2)(B), by striking knowing that
and all that follows through Federal law,
and inserting the following:
knowing that—
the monetary instrument or funds involved in the transportation, transmission, or transfer represent the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity; and
the transportation, transmission, or transfer—
conceals or disguises, or is intended to conceal or disguise, the nature, source, location, ownership, or control of the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity; or
avoids, or is intended to avoid, a transaction reporting requirement under State or Federal law,
.
Freezing bank accounts of persons arrested for offenses involving the movement of money across international borders
Section 981(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
If a person is arrested or charged in connection with an offense described in subparagraph (C) involving the movement of funds into or out of the United States, the Attorney General may apply to any Federal judge or magistrate judge in the district in which the arrest is made or the charges are filed for an ex parte order restraining any account held by the person arrested or charged for not more than 30 days, except that such 30-day time period may be extended for good cause shown at a hearing conducted in the manner provided in Rule 43(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court may receive and consider evidence and information submitted by the Government that would be inadmissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence.
The application for the restraining order referred to in subparagraph (A) shall—
identify the offense for which the person has been arrested or charged;
identify the location and description of the accounts to be restrained; and
state that the restraining order is needed to prevent the removal of the funds in the account by the person arrested or charged, or by other persons associated with that person, during the time needed by the Government to conduct such investigation as may be necessary to establish whether there is probable cause to believe that the funds in the accounts are subject to forfeiture in connection with the commission of any criminal offense.
A restraining order may be issued under subparagraph (A) if a person is arrested or charged with any offense for which forfeiture is authorized under—
this title;
title 31; or
the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.).
For purposes of this paragraph—
the term account includes any safe deposit box and any account (as defined in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 5318A(e) of title 31) at any financial institution; and
the term account held by the person arrested or charged includes an account held in the name of that person, and any account over which that person has effective control as a signatory or otherwise.
Restraint under this paragraph shall not be deemed a seizure for purposes of section 983(a).
A restraining order issued under this paragraph may be executed in any district in which the subject account is found, or transmitted to the central authority of any foreign State for service in accordance with any treaty or other international agreement.
.
Prohibiting money laundering through hawalas, other informal value transfer systems, and closely related transactions
The matter following section 1956(a)(1)(B)(ii) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking For purposes of this paragraph, a financial transaction
and inserting For purposes of this paragraph and section 1957, a financial transaction or a monetary transaction, as applicable,
.
Technical amendment to restore wiretap authority for certain money laundering and counterfeiting offenses
Currency reporting offenses
Section 2516(1)(g) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking or section 5324 of title 31, United States Code (relating to structuring transactions to evade reporting requirement prohibited)
and inserting or section 5324, 5331, or 5332 of that title (relating to evasion of Federal transaction reporting requirements)
.
Money laundering
Section 2516(1)(c) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting section 1960 (relating to illegal money services businesses),
before section 659
.
Counterfeiting
Section 2516(1)(d) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking or 473
and inserting 473, 474, or 474A
.
Making the international money laundering statute apply to tax evasion
Section 1956(a)(2)(A) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by inserting (i)
before with the intent to promote
; and
by adding at the end the following:
with the intent to engage in conduct constituting a violation of section 7201 or 7206 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
.
Conduct in aid of counterfeiting
In general
Section 474(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the paragraph beginning Whoever has in his control, custody, or possession any plate
the following:
Whoever, with intent to defraud, has custody, control, or possession of any material, tool, machinery, or other equipment that can be used to make, alter, forge, or counterfeit any obligation or other security of the United States or any part of such obligation or security, except under the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury; or
.
Foreign obligations and securities
Section 481 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the paragraph beginning Whoever, with intent to defraud
the following:
Whoever, with intent to defraud, has custody, control, or possession of any material, tool, machinery, or other equipment that can be used to make, alter, forge, or counterfeit any obligation or other security of any foreign government, bank, or corporation; or
.
Counterfeit acts
Section 470 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking or 474
and inserting 474, or 474A
.
Strengthening deterrents to counterfeiting
Section 474A of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in subsection (a), by inserting , custody,
after control
;
in subsection (b)—
by inserting , custody,
after control
; and
by striking any essentially identical feature or device adapted to the making of any such obligation or security,
and inserting any material or other thing made after or in similitude of any such deterrent,
; and
by adding at the end the following:
Whoever has in his control, custody, or possession any obligation or security of the United States or any foreign government from which the ink or other distinctive counterfeit deterrent has been completely or partially removed, except under the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, is guilty of a class B felony.
.
Administrative subpoenas for money laundering cases
Section 3486(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in paragraph (1)(A)—
in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking of
and inserting relating to
;
in clause (ii), by striking or
;
in clause (iii)—
by striking section 3056
and inserting section 3056(a)
; and
by striking the Treasury,
and inserting Homeland Security; or
; and
by inserting after clause (iii) the following:
an offense under section 1956, 1957, or 1960 of this title, or section 5313, 5316, 5324, 5331, or 5332 of title 31, or an offense against a foreign nation constituting specified unlawful activity under section 1956 of this title, or a criminal or civil forfeiture based upon an offense enumerated in this subparagraph or for which enforcement could be brought under section 2467 of title 28, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, or the Secretary of the Treasury,
; and
in paragraph (6)(B)—
in clause (iii), by striking or
at the end;
in clause (iv), by striking the period and inserting ; or
; and
by adding at the end following:
dissipation, destruction, removal, transfer, damage, encumbrance, or other unavailability of property that may become subject to forfeiture or an enforcement action under section 2467 of title 28.
.
Obtaining foreign bank records from banks with United States correspondent accounts
Grand jury and trial subpoenas
Section 5318(k) of title 31, United States Code, is amended—
in paragraph (1)—
by redesignating subparagraph (B) as subparagraph (C); and
by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following:
Covered financial institution
The term covered financial institution means an institution referred to in subsection (j)(1).
; and
by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:
Foreign bank records
Subpoena of records
In general
Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Secretary of the Treasury or the Attorney General may issue a subpoena to any foreign bank that maintains a correspondent account in the United States and request any records relating to the correspondent account or any account at the foreign bank, including records maintained outside of the United States, that are the subject of any—
investigation of a violation of a criminal law of the United States; or
civil forfeiture action.
Production of records
The foreign bank on which a subpoena described in clause (i) is served shall produce all requested records and authenticate all requested records with testimony in the manner described in—
rule 902(12) of the Federal Rules of Evidence; or
section 3505 of title 18.
Issuance and service of subpoena
A subpoena described in clause (i)—
shall designate—
a return date; and
the judicial district in which the related investigation is proceeding; and
may be served—
in person;
by mail or fax in the United States if the foreign bank has a representative in the United States; or
in a foreign country under any mutual legal assistance treaty, multilateral agreement, or other request for international legal or law enforcement assistance.
Relief from subpoena
In general
At any time before the return date of the subpoena described in clause (i), the foreign bank on which the subpoena is served may petition the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the related investigation is proceeding, as designated in the subpoena, to modify or quash—
the subpoena; or
the prohibition against disclosure described in subparagraph (C).
Conflict with foreign secrecy or confidentiality
An assertion that compliance with the subpoena would conflict with a provision of foreign secrecy or confidentiality law shall not be a basis for quashing or modifying the subpoena.
Acceptance of service
Maintaining records in the United States
Any covered financial institution that maintains a correspondent account in the United States for a foreign bank shall maintain records in the United States identifying—
the owners of such foreign bank; and
the name and address of a person who—
resides in the United States; and
is authorized to accept service of legal process for records covered under this subsection.
Law enforcement request
Upon receipt of a written request from a Federal law enforcement officer for information required to be maintained under this paragraph, a covered financial institution shall provide the information to the requesting officer not later than 7 days after receipt of the request.
Nondisclosure of subpoena
In general
No officer, director, partner, employee, or shareholder of, or agent or attorney for, a foreign bank on which a subpoena is served under this paragraph shall, directly or indirectly, notify any account holder involved or any person named in the subpoena issued under subparagraph (A)(i) and served on such an institution about the existence or contents of such subpoena.
Damages
Upon application by the Attorney General for a violation of this subparagraph, a foreign bank on which a subpoena is served under this paragraph shall be liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an amount equal to—
double the amount of the suspected criminal proceeds sent through the correspondent account of the foreign bank in the related investigation; or
if no such proceeds can be identified, $250,000.
Enforcement
In general
If a foreign bank fails to obey a subpoena issued under subparagraph (A)(i), the Attorney General may invoke the aid of the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the investigation or related proceeding is occurring to compel compliance with the subpoena.
Court orders and contempt of court
The court may—
issue an order requiring the foreign bank to appear before the Secretary of the Treasury or the Attorney General to produce—
certified records, in accordance with—
rule 902(12) of the Federal Rules of Evidence; or
section 3505 of title 18; or
testimony regarding the production of such records; and
punish any failure to obey an order issued under subclause (I) as contempt of court.
Service of process
All process in a case under this subparagraph shall be served on the foreign bank in the same manner as described in subparagraph (A)(iii).
Termination of correspondent relationship
Termination upon receipt of notice
A covered financial institution shall terminate any correspondent relationship with a foreign bank not later than 10 business days after the date on which the covered financial institution receives written notice from the Secretary of the Treasury or the Attorney General if, after consultation with the other, the Secretary of the Treasury or Attorney General, as applicable, determines that the foreign bank has failed—
to comply with a subpoena issued under subparagraph (A)(i); or
to prevail in proceedings before—
the appropriate district court of the United States after challenging such a subpoena under subparagraph (A)(iv)(I); or
a court of appeals of the United States after appealing a decision of a district court of the United States under item (aa).
Limitation on liability
A covered financial institution shall not be liable to any person in any court or arbitration proceeding for terminating a correspondent relationship under this subparagraph or complying with a nondisclosure order under subparagraph (C).
Failure to terminate relationship
A covered financial institution that fails to terminate a correspondent relationship under clause (i) shall be liable for a civil penalty in an amount that is not more than $10,000 for each day that the covered financial institution fails to terminate the relationship.
Enforcement of civil penalties
Upon application by the United States, any funds held in the correspondent account of a foreign bank that is maintained in the United States with a covered financial institution may be seized by the United States to satisfy any civil penalties that are imposed—
under subparagraph (C)(ii); or
by the court for contempt under subparagraph (D).
.
Fair Credit Reporting Act amendment
Section 604(a)(1) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681b(a)(1)) is amended—
by striking , or a
and inserting , a
; and
by inserting , or a subpoena issued in accordance with section 5318 of title 31, United States Code, or section 3486 of title 18, United States Code
after grand jury
.
Obstruction of justice
Section 1510(b)(3)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking or a Department of Justice subpoena (issued under section 3486 of title 18)
and inserting , a subpoena issued under section 3486 of this title, or an order or subpoena issued in accordance with section 3512 of this title, section 5318 of title 31, or section 1782 of title 28,
; and
in clause (i) by inserting , 1960, or an offense against a foreign nation constituting specified unlawful activity under section 1956, or a foreign offense for which enforcement of a foreign forfeiture judgment could be brought under section 2467 of title 28
after 1957
.
Right to financial privacy act
Section 1120(b)(1)(A) of the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 3420(b)(1)(A)) is amended—
by striking or 1957
and inserting , 1957, or 1960
; and
by striking and 5324
and inserting , 5322, 5324, 5331, and 5332
.
Danger pay allowance
Section 151 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 (5 U.S.C. 5928 note) is amended by striking Drug Enforcement Administration or Federal Bureau of Investigation
and inserting Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, or the United States Secret Service
.
Clarification of Secret Service authority to investigate money laundering
Section 3056(b)(3) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by inserting money laundering, structured transactions,
after documents or devices,
; and
by striking federally insured
.
Prohibition on concealment of ownership of account
In general
Subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Prohibition on concealment of ownership of account
In general
No person shall knowingly conceal, falsify, or misrepresent, or attempt to conceal, falsify, or misrepresent, from or to a financial institution, a material fact concerning the ownership or control of an account or assets held in an account with a financial institution.
Penalties
A person convicted of an offense under subsection (a), or a conspiracy to commit such offense, shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years, fined not more than $1,000,000, or both.
Forfeiture
Criminal forfeiture
In general
The court, in imposing penalties under subsection (b), shall order that the defendant forfeit to the United States any property involved in the offense, or a conspiracy to commit such offense, and any property traceable thereto.
Procedure
Section 413 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 853) shall govern the seizure, restraint, and forfeiture of property under this paragraph.
Civil forfeiture
In general
Any property involved in a violation of subsection (a), or a conspiracy to commit such violation, and any property traceable thereto may be seized and forfeited to the United States.
Procedure
Seizures and forfeitures under this paragraph shall be governed by the provisions of chapter 46 of title 18 relating to civil forfeitures, except that such duties, under customs laws described in section 981(d) of title 18, given to the Secretary of the Treasury shall be performed by such officers, agents, and other persons as designated by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General.
Treatment of certain property as involved in the offense
In this subsection, the term property involved in includes any assets credited to, attempted to be credited to, or contained in the account.
Financial Institution
In this section, the term financial institution means any entity defined under section 5312(a)(2), or the regulations promulgated under this title, that is required to—
implement a customer identification program under this title, or the regulations promulgated under this title; or
conduct customer due diligence under this title, or the regulations promulgated under this title.
.
Table of sections
The table of sections for subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
5333. Prohibition on concealment of ownership of account.
.
Prohibition on concealment of the source of assets in monetary transactions
In general
Subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, as amended by section 17 of this Act, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Prohibition on concealment of the source of assets in monetary transactions
In general
No person shall knowingly conceal, falsify, or misrepresent, or attempt to conceal, falsify, or misrepresent, from or to a financial institution, a material fact concerning the ownership or control of assets involved in a monetary transaction if—
the person or entity who owns or controls such assets is a senior foreign political figure, or any immediate family member or close associate of a senior foreign political figure, as set forth in this title or the regulations promulgated under this title; and
the aggregate value of the assets involved in one or more such transactions is not less than $1,000,000.
Source of funds
No person shall knowingly conceal, falsify, or misrepresent, or attempt to conceal, falsify, or misrepresent, from or to a financial institution, a material fact concerning the source of funds in a monetary transaction that—
involves an entity found to be a primary money laundering concern under section 5318A or the regulations promulgated under this title; and
violates the prohibitions or conditions prescribed under section 5318A(b)(5) or the regulations promulgated under this title.
Penalties
A person convicted of an offense under subsection (a) or (b), or a conspiracy to commit such offense, shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years, fined not more than $1,000,000, or both.
Forfeiture
Criminal forfeiture
In general
The court, in imposing sentence under subsection (c), shall order that the defendant forfeit to the United States any property involved in the offense and any property traceable thereto.
Procedure
The seizure, restraint, and forfeiture of property under this paragraph shall be governed by section 413 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 853).
Civil forfeiture
In general
Any property involved in a violation of subsection (a) or (b), or a conspiracy to commit such violation, and any property traceable thereto may be seized and forfeited to the United States.
Procedure
Seizures and forfeitures under this paragraph shall be governed by the provisions of chapter 46 of title 18, relating to civil forfeitures, except that such duties, under the customs laws described in section 981(d) of title 18, given to the Secretary of the Treasury shall be performed by such officers, agents, and other persons as may be designated for that purpose by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General.
Definitions
In this section—
the term financial institution has the meaning given the term in section 5312(a)(2) of this title; and
the term monetary transaction means the deposit, withdrawal, transfer, or exchange, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, of funds or a monetary instrument (as defined in section 1956(c)(5) of title 18) by, through, or to a financial institution (as defined in section 1956(c)(6) of title 18)—
including any transaction that would be a financial transaction under section 1956(c)(4)(B) of title 18; and
not including any transaction necessary to preserve a person’s right to representation as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
.
Table of sections
The table of sections for subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, as amended by section 17 of this Act, is amended by adding at the end the following:
5334. Prohibition on concealment of the source of assets in monetary transactions.
.
Rule of construction
Nothing in this Act, or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to apply to the authorized law enforcement, protective, or intelligence activities of the United States or of an intelligence agency of the United States.
