II
116th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 2878
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
November 14, 2019
Mr. Coons (for himself and Mr. Lee) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary
A BILL
To limit the use of facial recognition technology by Federal agencies, and for other purposes.
Short title
This Act may be cited as the Facial Recognition Technology Warrant Act of 2019
.
Definitions
In this Act:
Agency
The term agency has the meaning given the term in section 551 of title 5, United States Code.
Covered court order
The term covered court order means a court order obtained in accordance with rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and in connection with the investigation of an offense for which an order could be sought under section 2516 of title 18, United States Code.
Facial recognition technology
The term facial recognition technology means technology that analyzes facial features and is used for the unique personal identification of individuals in still or video images.
Ongoing surveillance
The term ongoing surveillance—
means the utilization of facial recognition technology to engage in a sustained effort to track the physical movements of an identified individual through 1 or more public places where such movements occur over a period of time greater than 72 hours, whether in real time or through application of such technology to historical records; and
does not include instances where facial recognition technology is utilized for a single identification or attempted identification of an individual, if no subsequent attempt is made to track that individual’s movement in real time or through the use of historical records after the individual has been identified.
Limitation on use of facial recognition technology
In general
Subject to subsection (b), an officer or employee of an agency may not use facial recognition technology to engage in ongoing surveillance of an individual or group of individuals in a public space, unless—
the use of the facial recognition technology is in support of a law enforcement activity; and
a covered court order has been obtained to allow the use of facial recognition technology for ongoing surveillance of the individual or group of individuals; or
an investigative or law enforcement officer—
reasonably determines that exigent circumstances and compelling law enforcement needs make it impractical to obtain a covered court order;
reasonably determines that there are grounds for which a covered court order could be obtained under subparagraph (A); and
causes an application for a covered court order to be made in accordance with subparagraph (A) not later than 48 hours after the use of facial recognition technology to engage in ongoing surveillance.
Requirement
If an application for a covered court order made under subsection (a)(2)(B) is denied, the use of facial recognition technology shall terminate at the time of the denial.
Duration of orders
In general
Subject to paragraph (2), a covered court order may only authorize ongoing surveillance until the date on which the objective of the order is satisfied, except that such order may not authorize ongoing surveillance for a period of longer than 30 days.
Requirement
The 30-day period described in paragraph (1) shall begin on the earlier of—
the date on which the agency begins to use facial recognition technology; or
the date that is 10 days after the court order is issued.
Extension
A court may grant an extension of the 30-day period described in paragraph (1) if the extension satisfies the requirements of subsection (a)(2)(A) and such extension may last not longer than 30 days.
Minimization requirement
Any use of facial recognition technology pursuant to a covered court order shall be conducted in such a way as to minimize the acquisition, retention, and dissemination of information about the individuals other than those for whom there was probable cause to seek the covered court order obtained under subsection (a)(2)(A).
Motion To suppress
In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), any aggrieved individual who has been the subject of ongoing surveillance using facial recognition technology, in any trial, hearing, or proceeding in or before any court, department, officer, agency, regulatory body, or other authority of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision thereof, may move to suppress information directly obtained through the use of facial recognition technology, or evidence derived therefrom, in violation of this section, on the grounds that—
the information was unlawfully obtained;
the order of authorization or approval under which the information was obtained is insufficient on its face; or
the use of facial recognition technology was not used in conformity with the order of authorization or approval.
Exception
Evidence obtained through the use of facial recognition technology in violation of this section shall not be suppressed under paragraph (1) if the evidence was acquired by an officer or an employee of an agency with an objectively reasonable belief that the use of facial recognition technology was in compliance with this section.
Requirement
A motion described in paragraph (1) shall be made before the trial, hearing, or proceeding unless there was no opportunity to make such motion or the individual was not aware of the grounds of the motion. If the motion is granted, the information directly obtained through the use of facial recognition technology, or evidence derived therefrom, shall be treated as having been obtained in violation of this section.
Inspection of information
The judge, upon the filing of a motion under this subsection by the aggrieved individual, may in his or her discretion make available to the aggrieved individual or counsel of the aggrieved individual for inspection such portions of the information or evidence derived therefrom as the judge determines to be in the interests of justice.
Appeal
In addition to any other right to appeal, the United States shall have the right to appeal from an order granting a motion to suppress made under this subsection, or the denial of an application for an order of approval, if the United States attorney shall certify to the judge or other official granting such motion or denying such application that the appeal is not taken for purposes of delay. Such appeal shall be taken within 30 days after the date the order was entered and shall be diligently prosecuted.
Limitation
The remedies and sanctions described in this subsection with respect to the use of facial recognition technology are the only judicial remedies and sanctions for nonconstitutional violations of this section involving such technology.
Foreign intelligence information
Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the use of facial recognition technology to engage in ongoing surveillance connected with the acquisition of foreign intelligence information, as defined in section 101(e) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801(e)).
Reports on government use of facial recognition technology
Report by judge
Not later than 30 days after issuance of a covered court order under section 3(a)(2)(A) or an extension thereof under section 3(c)(3), or the denial of such a warrant or extension, the issuing or denying judge shall report to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts—
the fact that a warrant or extension was applied for;
the fact that the warrant or extension was granted as applied for, was modified, or was denied;
the period of time for which the warrant approves the use of facial recognition technology, and the number and duration of any extensions; and
the offense specified in the warrant or application.
Reports
Beginning 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and not later than September 30 of each year thereafter, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall transmit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, and make available to the public, a full and complete report summarizing the data required to be filed with the Administrative Office under subsection (a), including—
the number of applications for covered court orders and extensions authorizing delayed notice;
the number of covered court orders and extensions granted or denied during the preceding fiscal year;
for each covered court order or extension granted—
the period of time for which the warrant approves the use of facial recognition technology, and the number and duration of any extensions;
the offense specified in the covered court order or application, or extension of an order;
the identity of the applying investigative or law enforcement officer and agency making the application and the person authorizing the application; and
the nature of the facilities or cameras from which the data analyzed by facial recognition technology came from;
a general description of the identifications made under a covered court order or extension, including—
the approximate nature and frequency of use of the facial recognition technology;
the approximate number of persons who were subjected to analysis using the facial recognition technology; and
the approximate nature, amount, and cost of the manpower and other resources during the use of the facial recognition technology; and
the number of misidentifications, including any arrest of an individual that does not result in charges being entered against the individual, made based upon information directly obtained through the use of facial recognition technology, or evidence derived therefrom.
Regulations
The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, in consultation with the Attorney General, may issue guidance regarding the content and form of the reports required to be filed under subsection (a).
Human review and testing
Human review of facial recognition technology
An agency shall require a trained officer to examine the output or recommendation of any facial recognition system before the agency investigates or otherwise interacts with an individual identified by the system in connection with a covered court order issued under section 3(a)(2)(A) or in connection with an emergency under section 3(a)(2)(B).
Testing
The head of each agency, in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall establish testing procedures regarding all facial recognition technology systems used by the agency, including a process to—
periodically undertake independent tests of the performance of the system in typical operational conditions;
identify relative performance across different subpopulations, including error rates when the system is tested across subpopulations, alone and in combination with, different skin tones, ages, and genders; and
review such tests and take action to improve the accuracy of the system across subpopulations upon a finding indicating there are disparate error rates when the system is tested across subpopulations.
